A Brief Timeline of Events in America - 1626 - 1650

A Brief Timeline of Events in America - 1626 - 1650 1626 Diminish Minuit shows up in New Netherland and later purchases Manhattan from the Native Americans for things worth around $24. He at that point names the island New Amsterdam. 1627 Plymouth Colony and New Amsterdam start trading.A shipload of around 1500 grabbed kids is sent from England to the Virginia state to build the quantity of pioneers in the settlement. 1628 A gathering of pilgrims drove by John Endecott settles at Salem. This starts the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1629 The Massachusetts Bay Colony is given a regal charter.The Dutch West India Company starts to give land awards to supporters who will bring in any event 50 pioneers to the colonies.John Winthrop is chosen the legislative leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.King Charles I allows Sir Robert Heath a region in North America that will be called Carolina. 1630 John Winthrop leads more than 900 pilgrims to settle in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.John Winthrop likewise starts composing the History of New EnglandBoston is authoritatively established.William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth province, starts composing History of Plymouth Plantation. 1631 In spite of the Massachusetts Bay Colony contract, it is concluded that lone church individuals are permitted to become freemen who are permitted to decide in favor of state officials.Sir Ferdinando Gorges is given a land award and starts to settle what will in the end become Maine. 1632 In the Massachusetts Bay Colony issues, for example, no imposing taxes without any political benefit and agent government are starting to be addressed.King Charles I concedes Lord Baltimore an illustrious contract to establish the Maryland Colony. Since Baltimore is Roman Catholic, the privilege to strict opportunity is allowed to Maryland. 1633 The primary town government is sorted out in the city of Dorchester inside the Massachusetts Bay Colony.The first school in America is established in New Amsterdam. 1634 The principal pioneers for the new Maryland province show up in North America. 1635 Showdowns happen among Virginia and Maryland dependent on limit questions between the two colonies.The sanction for the Massachusetts Bay Company is repudiated. The settlement won't respect this, however.Roger Williams is requested expelled from Massachusetts in the wake of scrutinizing the province and advancing the possibility of detachment of chapel and state. 1636 The Township Act is passed in the Massachusetts Bay general court enabling towns to oversee themselves to some extent.Thomas Hooker shows up in Hartford Connecticut and establishes the primary church of the territory.Roger Williams establishes the present-day city of Providence, Rhode Island.Open fighting starts with Pequot Indians after the demise of New England dealer John Oldham.Harvard University is established. 1637 After various experiences, the Pequot Indians are slaughtered by a power of Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, and Plymouth pilgrims. The clan is basically eliminated.Anne Hutchinson is expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1638 Anne Hutchinson leaves for Rhode Island and establishes Portsmouth with William Coddington.Peter Minuit kicks the bucket in a wreck. 1639 The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut are enacted.Sir Ferdinando Gorges is named the legislative leader of Maine by imperial charter.New Hampshire Colony pioneers sign the Exeter Compact. 1640 Dutch pioneers settle in the Delaware River zone. 1641 Massachusetts Bay Colony assumes control over the purview of New Hampshire. 1642 New Netherland battles against the Hudson River Valley Indians who have been making strikes against the province. The two sides will later sign a détente that will most recent a year. 1643 The New England Confederation, otherwise called the United Colonies of New England, a confederation of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Plymouth, and New Hampshire, is formed.Anne Hutchinson is killed by Indians on Long Island. 1644 Roger Williams is conceded a regal contract for Rhode Island. 1645 The Dutch and the Hudson River Valley Indians finish up harmony following four years of warfare.The New England Confederation sign a harmony arrangement with the Naragansett Indians. 1646 Massachusetts turns out to be progressively narrow minded as they pass a law making sin deserving of death. 1647 Subside Stuyvesant expect the initiative of New Netherland.Rhode Island General Assembly drafts a constitution considering partition of chapel and state. 1648 The Dutch and the Swedes seek the land around present-day Philadelphia on the Schuylkill River. They each form fortifications and the Swedes torch the Dutch post twice. 1649 Ruler Charles I of the House of Stuart is banished in England. Virginia sides with the place of Stuart.Toleration Act is passed in Maryland taking into account strict freedom.Maine additionally passes enactment considering strict opportunity. 1650 Maryland is permitted to have a bicameral lawmaking body by request of Lord Baltimore.Virginia is barricaded by England subsequent to pronouncing devotion to the House of Stuart. Source Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., ed. The Almanac of American History. Barnes Nobles Books: Greenwich, CT, 1993.

Analytical Paper Assignment (Syria and Ukraine) Essay

Explanatory Paper Assignment (Syria and Ukraine) - Essay Example This paper reveals the present clashes in Syria and Ukraine. It portrays the jobs of the fundamental driving nations in these contentions. The past occasions in Syria and Ukraine demonstrate that colonialism is not, at this point important. It is not, at this point simpler for amazing nations to expand their capacity by practicing command over the remainder of the world. America, for example, inclines toward not to intercede in the military activities of Syria for the most part since they need to keep up an impartial position, and tasks a decent worldwide approach of not interfering in the undertakings of different countries. The American international strategy is with the end goal that it legitimizes military activity if there is generous proof that the nations, for example, Syria and Ukraine represent a danger to world security. The Ukrainian geopolitical truths are very unique, demonstrating likely dangers of cold war. There is likewise probability of intensity competition. The worldwide law perspective considers Syria and Ukraine as attempting to put forth an uncertain defense in attempting to proclaim their power, the west thinks, yet there is a lawful demonstration that that has is substantial from 60 years prior (Kristof 27). The self-assurance stays inapplicable on the grounds that its activity would part a current state-Ukraine. A similar country was an individual from United Nations. Such world requests are presently tested by such useful contemplations as environmental change, manageability, and weapons of mass obliteration and by regulating consideration associated with value, human rights and endurance of species (Cooper p29).

Visual Arts @ MIT

Visual Arts @ MIT Closing Thoughts Throughout high school we loved drawing, painting, animation, fibers, etc., but were only ever able to practice those things independently, because for 9th and 10th grade, we were in the music program of the arts high school we went to, and for 11th and 12th grade, we transferred to a purely academic high school. So, we really wanted college to have classes that teach, communities that center around, and clubs that do visual art things. After finding out we were adMITted, one doubt we both had before comMITing was that MIT woudn’t have those things. MIT does a great job sharing and publicizing all the STEM that goes on here with the world (it is a technical institute after all), but a less great job (though actively improving) at communicating about the vibrant art community here. Being members of the visual arts community here, we are writing this to share all the awesome ways that we have gotten involved in the arts here*. For the artsy admits, who are questioning if/how they can practice art here, we hope this sheds some light! *this is not an exhaustive list, but rather a personal one Clubs Art Club Art Club is a super chill club that has meetings on Saturday Morning in the art studio in the Student Center. We set out art supplies on paint splattered tables, turn on music (musical soundtracks if we get our pick, but usually this exact playlist), and let people work on whatever projects they want to work on! We also have fun workshops like mug decorating, pumpkin painting, and Henna! Borderline Borderline didnt exist 3 semesters ago. In fact, Borderline actually had its first birthday a couple weeks ago, where we went to the graffiti alley in Central and spray painted our logo after getting very aesthetic boba from Abide!! we look pretty hardk0re in our protective face masks, dont we? Anyways, Borderline started in Spring 2017. We mentioned it in these blogs, but never formally talked about its origin, what it is, and our involvement. So we’ll do that now. Borderline was started by a group of students (Julia R. ‘18, Jessie W. ‘19, Tara L. ‘17, Iris F. ‘17, and Emma D. ‘18) who wanted to create more opportunities for people at MIT to make art projects. The pilot project, which gained initial funding from the Council of the Arts at MIT, was to create murals with augmented reality animations in the MIT tunnels, the main goal of which was to make the MIT tunnels a less dreary and more aesthetically pleasing place to pass through. What actually came out of it was so much more! In the end, with the collaborative effort of 25 artists, 6 animators, 20 painters, and some coders, they were able to fill a 200-foot long wall with 25 murals, and make an app that enhanced 6 of those murals with augmented reality animations. By the end of the semester, over 200 peopl e came to the Grand Opening and a Borderline community formed! That first semester, we each painted a mural and made AR animations for them! It was a lot of hours, but honestly THE highlight of our freshman spring semester, if not entire freshman year! The following semester, in Fall 2017, we joined the exec team because a large portion of the founding team graduated or could no longer be involved. This changed our roles from making art to more organizational/planning, but it was still a lot of fun! We expanded our wall of murals by 26 feet, added around 15 new murals, and 10 new animations, and had a end-of-semester showcase! This semester, Borderline became an official ASA recognized club!! We are still very much involved on the exec team, and our main goal this semester is to finish up making our wall look polished, adding animations, and expanding our reach to other local colleges! There is a blog section of our website where you can keep track of our latest projects and endeavo rs!! taken during the Grand Opening in spring 2017 Borderline has been a very formative part of our MIT experience, and has really showed us that if there is something you find that MIT is missing, as long as you have initiative, MIT will help you make your vision a reality! What started out as an idea from a couple students is now a fully functional an operating club that has fostered a beautiful art community! Animation Group This is an awesome club that hosts many fun workshops like flipbook making and a recent manga workshop! We were involved our freshman fall, but since havent been very involved, so we cannot write about it nearly as much as we want to! We are getting involved this semester by participating in their aniMIThon, which is an animation hackathon (in true MIT spirit) to make a 30 second animated short!!! We have some rough sketches and thumbnails, and really REALLY want to finish! Hopefully writing it on these blogs will give us some more accountability! Student Art Association (SAA) The SAA provides a vast variety of visual art classes  ranging from drawing to painting to ceramics to photography! These do cost money unfortunately and cannot be taken for credit, but MIT students get the cheapest rate! We took an oil painting class during our freshman fall, and it was really fun and helpful! This was actually the first formal art class weve ever had, so we were very grateful for it! It was three hours on wednesday nights, and our instructor was very helpful and constructively critical! We have not been able to fit more classes into our schedule since, but we really want to! Here are some of the paintings we made in the class.     Dannys on left, Allans on right Student Galleries On the second floor of the Student Center is the newly renovated Wiesnar Student Art Gallery!! Every month, it features the artwork of either one student or of a group of students! And anyone can apply to either showcase their own work or to curate a gallery of others work! The galleries are ALWAYS amazing!! We wrote about seeing our friends gallery here! Art Scholars From the  Art Scholars  website:  â€œEstablished in 1998, the MIT Arts Scholars Program brings together students who are passionate about exploring the diverse array of arts available at MIT and in the Boston area, and interacting with fellow students, faculty artists and other experts in the art world. The program is structured around monthly excursions or workshops, with an expert in the relevant field of art in attendance. The mission is to foster an active community of MIT students with an exceptional interest in the arts. The community’s resultant role is that of an arts leadership group, cultivated through events and mentorship.  The Arts Scholars Program is funded in part due to the generous support of the Council for the Arts at MIT. Art Scholars is a super awesome community of undergrads and grads who either practice some sort of artform (not just visual arts) or are art enthusiasts! They accept applications every semester on a rolling basis, and we joined at the end of Freshman Spring! We havent been able to go to too many of the excursions because the semesters never fail to get really busy. But we went on the annual New York trip a few weeks ago, where you get to see TWO plays or operas in New York for FREE with breakfast and dinner provided for FREE with trasportation to and from provided for FREE !!! It was a crazy fun and crazy long day! Honestly, that day deserves a blog in itself, especially because of the second show we saw (Sleep No More) was a RIDE and a half! Another really cool perk of being an Art Scholar is you get to take SAA classes at a discounted price (it may even be free :O)! Classes for Credit There are many visual art classes offered through course 4, which are very cool, but these are fairly far from traditional art classes (like those offered by the SAA). These all have a technological, experimental, modern, or architectural spin to them, which is not bad, just different. We both took 4.100 over Freshman IAP, which was a 3 unit lamp fabrication class, and we had a blast designing and fabricating our light fixtures! Danny took 4.520, visual computing, over Freshman Spring, which was a really cool (and time consuming) rule-based design class. We actually considered course 4 for a while, but after taking these classes, realized it isnt *exactly* in line with what we want to do, or at least not what we want to spend our time here doing. In general, classes for credit in the visual arts (as in the type of traditional art studio classes that the SAA offers) is something that we and many other students we know find very lacking at MIT. With that said, there are a couple classes we want to highlight! Drawing for Designers, which is under the theater department, is a traditional life drawing class! You get to spend class time drawing a mix of models and still lifes! It is a very popular class, and is always over enrolled, so you may have to try a couple semesters before getting in. Dannys in the class this semester, so here are some of his homework assignments!     We havent taken more classes in the theater department, but along with what most expect from a theater department like acting and script-writing classes, it has a lot of classes that involve drawing!!! Aside from this one, there is Costume Design, which Anelise blogged about! Weve also heard that  Set Design is a class with some fun projects! Crafting Comics is a special subject offered for the first time in the CMS department! Allan is taking it, and its been a LOT of fun! You actually get to, as the name implies, craft comics, from scripting to thumbnailing to drawing every panel!! Here are two pages he made for the class!       Publications There are many publications that students can have a varying level of involvement in! The most weve been involved in is making art for or submitting our already-made art to these publications. Rune  is MITs art and literature journal! We both have some of our pieces in the latest edition! Chroma  is a brand new (started last semester) student run magazine that features articles accompanied by art! They had their first printed edition a couple weeks before spring break (which is now), and it was SUCH QUALITY! It also had very smooth paper! We both had art in this edition and are making art for their second print edition!     We have not been involved in these, but there is also the The Tech  that you can illustrate for, and  Technique  that  you can do photography for! Our descriptions for The Tech and Technique are very limited, but we know they do awesome work! Check out their websites and definitely check out their booths during CPW Activities Midway! Keep an Eye/Ear Out MIT is a buzzing campus! New projects and opportunities pop up left and right! Join all the mailing lists, and when walking through the infinite, at least glance at the flyers! One project we found out about by just looking around at flyers is Open Mind::Open Art! Open Mind::Open Art This was a project that took place during our Freshman IAP, and since we were on campus taking 8.01L*, we decided to apply! Essentially, it was a student gallery funded by the  MindHandHeart  Initiative that centered around mental health and wellness! It was honestly the best part of our IAP (and though it doesnt take much to be better than 8.01(hel)L, this was actually amazing)! We remember that the energy during our Thursday night workshops and then during the actual opening night was ELECTRIC! The gallery transformed a very dilapidated room on the first floor of the Student Center and stayed there for two weeks! The piece we made was a series of 6 portraits, entirely made by hand sewing pieces of felt together. Our combined effort took more than 100 hours, but it was completely worth it! There are articles about it here and here and we blogged about it in more detail here and here  ! Unfortunately,   Open Mind::Open Art was a one-time project, but these types of opportunities appear ALL the time if you keep your eyes and ears open! *8.01L is the longer, slower paced, version of the Physics 1 GIR that goes into IAP for students who have had limited physics/math background prior to MIT. Cross Registering To fill in the gaps of the art classes we cant take for credit (or at all) at MIT, we cross register at the Massachusetts College of Art and Design (which is 10 minutes away by uber)! Many people on campus are aware of being able to cross-register at Harvard, but few people know that MIT students can cross-register at MassArt! We blogged about it once already, but are here again to tell you, MIT students can cross-register at MassArt! And more people should! This is our second semester cross-regging there, and we LOVE it! We both took Animation 1 last semester (and it was highkey our favorite class). This semester Allan is taking Digital Toolbox 2 (which teaches how to use animation software, something that can be stressful at times, but will be very useful in the long run!) and Danny is taking Character Animation (which is kind of a continuation of the traditional paper animation we did in Animation 1, but with more of a focus of character movement)! We are EXTREMELY grateful that MIT lets us cross-register at MassArt. Also, you can petition your classes for Hass-A credit! We have yet to do so, but should get on that! Freshman Arts Program This is a Freshamn Pre-Orientation Program (FPOP) that started our sophomore year off  FAPulously! It is basically a week long immersion in the arts! We did not get to participate in it as frosh, but were counselors at the beginning of this school year! As participants in the program you get to take part in many awesome workshops, work on a interdisciplinary week long art project, and interact with your equally artsy peers! Its honestly a blast! As counselors you get to basically do all of the above, and more! We think we may have had more fun as counselors than some of the freshman had! Closing Thoughts We want to emphasize that these are the things that we have done to get involved in the visual arts at MIT, but are definitely not the ONLY ways! There are so many things we have heard of and havent gotten involved in, and probably more things that we havent even heard of! If you are to take away anything from this, we hope its that there ARE opportunities here to pursue the visual arts and there ARE people here who actively do! We also reccommend to read  Bens Post  to  get another perspective about visual arts at MIT! Post Tagged #Animation Group #Art Club #Arts Scholars #Chroma magazine #cross-registration #FPOP #MIT Rune Journal of Arts and Letters #OpenMind::OpenArt #Student Art Association (SAA) #The Borderline at MIT

Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2664 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? MANAGING BUSINESS ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE RESULTS INTRODUCTION This project gives background information on two companies. A management firm called Venkel Consultant which acquires new and existing firm into solving problems and making the best decisions for these solutions. Venkel was formed and started operation on October 11, 1993 located in the parish of St. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results" essay for you Create order Thomas. Venkel is well recognizing because of its records of success rate to local and global companies that they work with. Venkel provides service to clients (non-profit, private entity, local and global organization) with financial, strategic, marketing, operation, technology, entire organization and, merger and acquisition to gain growth across the world. Sure Financial service is a loan company which acquires the service of Venkel Consultant. Sure financial is under new management and the manager is seeking expertise on strategic management and planning to improve the business. Sure financial provides services such as business loan, same day loan, pay day loan and personal loan. The purpose of this project is to show new and existing business how to maneuver their problems and make better decision so they will not occur again to enhance performance and growth. It will give business and understanding of the problems they can face and how they will manage them effectively and e fficiently. This research shows aspects such as quality, operational plans, operational systems, health and safety can help the boost the performance of the business. A broader detail of these aspects is shown using Sure Financial as an example to bring a better understanding. LITERTURE REVIEW CliffNotes (2013) stated that organizational process is involved the task and work needed to accomplish the goals of the organization. The functions of an organization are accounting, administration, human resource, marketing and sales etc. Suzanne Robertson (1995) defined quality gateways as an organization through which all requirements must pass. Each process within the organization has to pass through a test before the finish product reaches the consumer. It can be used to track if something is wrong and fix it early. Operational plan is a detailed plan used to provide a clear picture of how a team, section or department will contribute to the achievement of the organizationà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategic goals defined by Davis (2013). Mission, vision, objectives and goals are considered as strategic intent. Koren (2012) defined goals as an expected or desired outcome of a planning process. According to Iyothimonic (2011) objectives states what is to be accomplished by when and should be quantified if possible. It is described as the organization environment and performance. Kean Education (n/a) define the acronym SMART of objectives where specific is what exactly are we going to do for whom, measureable is to ask if it is quantifiable, attainable is if we can get it done in the proposed time frame with the resources and support available, relevant is the objective it has on the desired goals and when it will be accomplished is called time. According to Albrecht (2011) organization performance is the extent to which an organization achieves a set of pre-defined targets that are unique to its mission and objectives. Key performance indicator is used as a dr iver to enable performance. Quality is about meeting the needs and expectation of customers which is important to grow a business and helps with organization performance stated by Riley (2012). Total quality management is a management approach centered on quality, based on the participation of an organization, people and aiming of long-term success defined by Chartered Quality Institute (2014). It enables businesses to meet stakeholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs and expectation without compromising ethical values. OBJECTIVES Here are some objectives for this project: To analyze the importance of managing a business effectively and efficiently To determine how to mitigate problems within the organization and find the best solutions. To analyze ways improve organizational performance to enhance success. To analyze how health and safety in the workplace is a good business process to enable sustainability. METHODOLOGY This research was considered a qualitative research. A qualitative research is collecting, measuring and analyzing data by observing what people do and say. My research requires collecting data from primary and secondary research. Primary research is getting information first hand. The primary sources that I have used to obtain information on Sure Financial Service Ltd are observation and interview. Closed and open question were used on my questionnaire and also my interview questions, which was a formal interview. Secondary research is obtaining information that is already done or getting it from a second hand source. The internet, books and webpage were the secondary sources used to help conduct the research. In conducting the research I had to seek authority from a member of the staff for permission to conduct an interview and to have information on their customers. There are few limitations with getting the interview to be conducted on a set date. I had to keep changing the date so that it could suit the member of staff chosen to be interviewed. There were certain information that the staff could not have given out due to the safety and confidentiality of the company. Most of the customers came in a hurry either from work or going to work so it was complicated to find someone who would answer the question for me. LO1: WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS PROCESSES DELIVERING OUTCOMES BASED UPON BUSINESS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1.1The interrelationship between the different processes and functions of the organization According to Cliffnotes (2013) an organizational process involves the tasks and work needed to accomplish the goals of the organization. The function of Sure Financial is human resource, customer service, operations etc. The function of an organization is the grouping of persons with the same skills and expertise to ensure business activity is carried out efficiently. Customer service is a major business functio n within Sure Financial. In order for an organization to gain success and maintain profit, customer service has to e of a good standard. This function has processes such as minimizing customer enquiries, providing information and advice, solving customer problem, using customer feedback etc. All of these processes come under the customer service function as it relates to gain potential customers. Sure Financial has special policies to deal with customer complaints to ensure they are delft with and they are solved to suit the business and organization. Finance is another function of the organization that has to relate with the organization goals and objectives. The finance department records all the transaction of purchases, sales, income, loss, profit etc. These records are used for future use to look back o to make better decisions. These functions have to support all the finance to fulfill the objectives and aims, also the fiancÃÆ' ©s of paying staff, equipments, growth or m achinery. Some process within finance are: Recording trasactions Producing invoices Preparing payroll Producing cashflow 1.2 Methodology to map processes to organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals and objectives The goals and objectives of Sure Financial underpin brand identity, growth ad customer satisfaction. In order for the company to carry out all of the factors that the objectives underpins it needs to have efficient and effective processes. Process mapping is a visual aid used to understand the process of Sure Financial. It used to solve problems, organize work activities and eliminate and prevent problems. The acronym DMAIC is used to map the processes of Sur Financial to their objectives and goals. Define phase is where the goals of the organization is define along with the process. Sure Financial goals and objectives are growth, customer satisfaction and brand identity. At this stage we should define which mapping process to match the goals, for example flow chart. Each objective will be defined along with their requirements. At the measuring stage , data is collected on how the proc ess is performing into meeting these objectives. Data is being collected on who, which and how many is needed to meet these objectives. It helps to break down these goals and find their root causes. The analyzing phase reviews the data collection during the measuring stage. In this phase the organization will use diagrams to verify the causes and to show how the processes will lead to the organization meeting their goals and objectives. Improve phase is finding the best solution for ensuring that processes are mapped towards meeting the goals. In this phase Sure Financial improves maps of the processes and measure improvements The final phase is control, where the organization focuses on how to maintain the processes. The process is continuously improved by using DMAIC tool to ensure that goals and objectives are always met. The knowledge is being applied throughout the entire organization and the processes. 1.3 Output process and the quality gateways Robertson (1995) defines à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quality gateways as an organization point through which all requirements have to pass through before going to the next stage. It helps in telling when something is wrong at a early stage. Output of process is the end result of the process. Good service is what Sure Financial output is mainly about, in order for them to achieve their objectives. The output of the process must be evaluated before the service and product reach the customers of Sure Financial. However there are requirements that the service as to pass through before going out to the customers. For example requirements of obtain a business loan. LO2: WHAT ARE THE PROCESSES TO DEVELOP PLANS FOR OWN AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY TO IMPLEMENT OPERATION PLANS 2.1 Design plans which promote goals and objectives for own area responsibility Area of responsibility is a re areas of plans and how to conduct operations. The area and responsibility of the organization are market research, internal and e xternal customers, customer orientation etc. Sure Financial goals and objectives underpin contributing to growth, brand identity and customer satisfaction. Tools and techniques that Sure Financial used to promote goals and objectives are: Brainstorming Feedbacks forms Value chain analysis Quality control Change management project to mitigate damages of values and image These tools help manager to plan clearly and quickly. They help to put a picture to visualize the words so that involved stakeholders can have a view and understanding of what is happening. However there are two project management tools that can be used to promote their goals such as: Critical path analysis- this is used to anayze the activities needed and the time and when resources are needed to complete a task. PERT chart- the acronym PERT stands for Program Evaluation Review Techniques. It is used to co-ordinate task in a project to reach desired goals and objectives. 2.2 SMART objectives to align people and other resources effectively and efficiently Iyothemonic (2011) define à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Objective as what is to be accomplished by when and should be measureable. It describes how an organization performs and the environment it is within. The acronym SMART means specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time based. The objectives of Sure Financial are poor SMART objectives. Examples of SMART objectives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To develop a solid, corporate identity by building 80% customer awareness by the first year of operationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2.3 Systems to achieve objectives efficiently, on time, to budget and meeting organizational standards of quality In order for the organization to achieve their goals effectively, on time, to budget while meeting a quality standard then the appropriate system as to put in place. The systems that was chosen to help the organization to achieve their objectives is Value added chain. A value ad ded chain is a tool used to set out activities that create value for the organization customers. It helps to purchase high standard raw materials from suppliers to provide service with high value. Sure Financial provide quality service with no hassle or collateral for their customers. Value added chain can be divided into two groups; primary activities and support activities. Primary activities in Sure Financial are sales, customer service, maintenance etc. Supporting activities work underneath the primary activities. These activities are used to meet the objectives of the organization by adding value. The organization realizes that providing service on time is very essential and it does add value and increase quality. Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Value chain consists of four steps which are used to add value to the customers of Sure Financial. They include: Identifying activities for primary activities: Workactivities meting the operational plan through effective monitoring and control The operational plans are met through effective monitoring and control by co-ordination of activities. Co-ordination involves working together by bringing all activities of the company. Co-ordination involves planning, organizing, staffing, directing, communicating, motivating, leading and controlling. Co-ordination put things in order so that they stay in track to achieve the objective of the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s co-ordination helps with the resources of the organization to achieve objectives and minimize wastage in the company. Sure financial make plans within departmentthen come together to decide on a master plan from these plans. The work of each level of sure financial is organized from top to bottom which helps to monitor what gives down to the lower level .the staffing of the organization has to be coordinated which involvesrecruiting, training etc. coordinating can be ob tained from directing information property to workers/employee. There are different types of communication that has to be coordinated property to meet operational plan. Lack communication can hinder the organization from certain function within the process of the operation plan.Emplopyees have to be motivated in order to produce effective work, therefore motivation has to coordinate right through the organization. The manager of sure financial has to co-ordinate, leadership to employees to achieve goals and ojective.Controlling cannot work with co-ordinating of activities. All of functions of management are coordinated to ensure that the working activities of the organized meet to reach operational plan. Systems to manage and monitorquality standards The controlling methods and systems that are used by sure financial are quality circle and T.Q.M. Qualioty is satisfying the needs of customers with minimum standards. quality circle are small group of employees who voluntee r to meet any purpose of the organization. The main purpose of having quality circle in sure financial is quality enhancement which is beneficial to gain process and quality improvement. Quality circle is beneficial to sure financial because it builds a strong communication within the organization. Employees are engaged in decision making where the best decisions are chosen to provide a quality service. This enables more knowledgeable and innovative ideas to make with the organization. Total quality managements a philosophy manages used to manage stakeholders to participate in meeting the goals and objectives effectively that would be beneficial to the organization and society. TQM is thought by sure financial to teacjh employees how to meet customers expectation effectively and efficiently .Each staff is required to provide quality services to the customers of sure financial. It helps the company to make the right decisions by using the right resources and done at the right time . Quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring, evaluationand development of the process Quality culture is the belief and value of employees within an organization that push them into continuously increasing the quality of product/services. Sure financial trains their staff with the right policies in order for the company to achieve quality. Sure financial uses method shown à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. To build a quality circle with high motivation for continuous quality improvement. Building up trust: the manager of sure financial can empower trust between employees by involving then in decision making to achieve goals. Communication training: communication is the transferring of information within and outside of the organization. Continuously communicating with the right tools helps with the quality improvement of sure financial. The staff has to be trained to do their jobs so that it is done effectively and efficiently.it helps with providing staff with new and update skills to perform their task. Motivation: motivating employees is very essential because it helps them to provide a effectively and efficient work force. Employees will try to put out their test to achieve a quality service for sure financial. Beneficial such as rising of pay, businessetc. can help to motivating employees. 1 | Page

History Of Science And The Natural Sciences - 1039 Words

In the last several years I have developed two main areas of focus: I am interested in the history of scientific diagrams (including maps) as a combination of the history of visualization and theories of representation, as well as in the more physical spaces of science, including natural history museums, hospitals, and laboratories. Since the last years of my undergraduate degree at Rice, I have been interested in the intersections of science and architecture. I completed my BA in two major fields – architecture and civil engineering – and thus have a firm background in both the humanities and the natural sciences. Outside of school, I gained experience in both architecture and experimental physics. At no time did I try to separate my practical training in either field from my more scholarly interests in their overlap, and I have continued this inter-disciplinary interest by constructing a dual PhD program at Harvard, enrolling in both the History of Science and History of Architecture Urban Planning programs. (I will fulfill the course and general examination requirements of both departments, and write one dissertation. My committee will include professors from both fields.) One topic that particularly interests me is the development of American laboratories in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Laboratories have existed in several contexts – from the work of individual inventors and corporate RD to academic departments and governmental agencies – and theirShow MoreRelatedThe Knowledge Of Natural Sciences And History1592 Words   |  7 Pagesunwise. Thus, I wish to examine how we best acquire knowledge in Natural Sciences and History. 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The trade-off between accuracy and simplicity differs from the natural sciences area of knowledge (AOK) where the trade-off is limited, and history where the trade-off is unavoidable in the use of accuracy over simplicity. The relationship between accuracy and simplicity in natural sciences are that they work together insteadRead MoreScience Throughout the Ages912 Words   |  4 PagesThe term Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning knowledge. The definition of science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. An older term of science refers to a body of knowledge itself, of anything that can be successfully applied to a situation. Someone who practices science is known as a scientist. 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Disagreement is about gathering reliable knowledge as well as using this newfound knowledge, and occurs when a group fails to reach a consensus over the logic of an argument. Knowledge is composed of facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education. Two areas of knowledge that are impacted by disagreement are human science and natural science. Human science is the study ofRead MoreScience, Ethics, And History1074 Words   |  5 Pageswhat degree of success can the facts that the theories consist of pertain to different areas of knowledge as the theory? For example, can one successfully link facts from the areas of mathematics, ethics, and history to enhance our understanding of a theory pertaining to the human sciences? These questions are the basis for this essay, and in the following paragraphs I will expound how facts and theories are interdependent, no matter what area of knowledge they pertain to; in order to understand

Png Lenor Case Study Analysis Free Essays

Recommendations * Relaunch the 3:1 concentrate temporarily, but invest heavily in RD for a more permanent solution * Aggressively re-launch 3:1 concentrate. * Advertise and emphasize on its environmental benefits due to reduced packing materials. * Focus on generating more sustainable solutions * Invest in RD for adapting real eco-friendly solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Png Lenor Case Study Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rationale * This form of product was already launched previously and has proven to be successful (people bought it for a 10 times higher price). It costs lesser to re-adapt to an older version. * People are more used to this version of packaging and can accept it better * Cost Savings can be re-directed to RD to obtain a more sustainable solution * Doy Pouches and wax-coated cartons do not create an eco-friendly image * These new packaging’s may create expectations of similar packaging for other products * These packages are not exactly sturdy and durable (leakage problems). The carton refill package resembles the milk carton packaging which could face regulatory complications. Action Plan * Advertisements about 3:1 concentrate highlighting its supreme efficiency (maybe include some tangible R;D results to drive home the message) * Create awareness about the environmental benefits due to 45% package saving. * Invest heavily in R;D to develop eco-friendly degradable material ( e. g.. Bioplastics) * Create hype about the money saved by opting for the Lenor concentrate pack, being re-directed towards development of green packaging material that might be adapted not only across P;G products but across all plastic packaging. * Promote slogans and campaigns about P;Gs efforts to care for the environment * Create the image that by buying P;G products, people are indirectly investing in protecting the planet * Conduct feasibility analysis and take efforts to implement the new fully-degradable material across all products How to cite Png Lenor Case Study Analysis, Free Case study samples

Psychological Concept of Humans Eating Behavior

Introduction Studies examining the eating behaviours of various individuals show that the amount of food consumed is directly affected by outside environmental food cues which trigger a response which causes the feeling of hunger which in turn causes a person to eat (Hepworth et al, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychological Concept of Humans Eating Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Not only that, the amount of food consumed has been shown to marginally increase depending on the type and level of the environmental attribute attempting to influence an individual (Cohen, 2008). This can come in the form of appearance, smell or even personal preference towards a particular food type which triggers the response for the body to get hungry (Van der Laan et al., 2011) (Radnitz et al., 2009). It must be noted that food cues can be considered a form of conditioned stimuli for the body wherein after a ce rtain degree of exposure the body reacts through the production of increased salivation and changes in blood glucose levels in order to prepare the body for the intake of food (Hou et al., 2011). Such a reaction is similar to what is seen in various Pavlovian conditioning mechanisms wherein after a certain time the body reacts in a predetermined fashion after continuous environmental cues which creates the behaviour (Boggiano et al., 2009). In this particular case it is the exposure to food cues which in turn causes the body to react as a result of an inherent conditioning mechanism. It can even be assumed that the sudden feeling of hunger individuals experience after being exposed to a food cue can thus be attributed to the body’s inherent Pavlovian conditioning mechanism wherein in expectation of the consumption of food the body reacts in a predetermined fashion such as changes in blood glucose levels, the increased release of stomach acids and greater degrees of salivation (Galarce et al., 2010). As such, this reaction is attributed to the condition of being hungry when in fact it was the result of a food cue and not a denial of earlier sustenance that caused the reaction. On the other hand, such a reaction does not happen on a continuous case to case basis, in fact in some cases wherein despite the level of exposure involved the desire to eat does not manifest itself as readily in some individuals compared to others (Polivy et al., 2008). This lack of desire or rather behavioural resistance to the compulsion of eating is thus attributed to the concept of restraint which refers to an individuals concern over their food intake versus the amount their body actually needs (Geyskens et al, 2010) (Cornier et al., 2009).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It must be noted that the concept of restraint varies per individual as evidenced by the rising fac tors of obesity within the U.S., Europe and various other countries (Hollitt et al., 2010) (Ouwehand Papies, 2010). It has been shown by various studies that distinct behavioural traits of which restraint is included directly factor in to the caloric intake of an individual however various studies have been inconclusive as to how a factor such as restraint adequately develops in an individual so as to resist the compulsion to eat when presented with a food cue (Loxton et al., 2011). Based on the presented data, this study assumes that by examining the scores at different levels of restraint specific individuals can be identified within the test subjects who respond differently to food cues or neutral cues. This data can thus be utilized to further examine the developmental attributes of restraint and how it manifests in certain people. Discussion The results of the experiment showed that the overall mean of hunger levels in neutral or control condition was lower than in food condit ion which was to be expected given the nature of the testing phase since common sense dictates that people would have a much greater Pavolovian reaction to pictures of food (as mentioned earlier in the introduction) as compared to inedible objects. While in the case of high-restrainers they had a bigger score of hunger in both conditions there was no significant difference in the change of the hunger score of low restraint group in neutral and food-cues conditions. It must also be noted that there was no significant difference was found in the change of the hunger level in high restraint group in neutral and food-cues conditions. Finally a significant finding of the study was that the hunger score of high-restrainers’ had increased significantly more than in low- restrainers’ group. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that the experiment showed no significant difference in high- and low-restrainers’ hunger rating in neutral- and food-cue presentatio ns. An examination of various studies involving food cues reveals that the reason behind the results of the study can be connected to the type of food cue used to illicit a response from the subject (Loxton et al., 2011).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychological Concept of Humans Eating Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other experiments it was shown that by utilizing both visual and olfactory senses in order to stimulate the subject a greater degree of rating difference was seen between high and low restrainers. It was noted by the studies that while visual cues can be used as a method of eliciting a particular response the researchers found that using a blindfold test the participants exhibited a greater response in terms of smell as compared to visual stimuli (Hepworth et al, 2010). On the other hand a combination of both resulted in a far greater degree of hunger rating. The reason behind th is is attributed to the fact that human response mechanisms have different reactive traits based on the degree and type of stimuli involved. Various marketing studies have shown that while visual representations do illicit a form of hunger, when other sensory mechanisms are included into the assessment the level of hunger actually increases (Brignell et al., 2009). In fact the results of such studies have been implemented in various fast food establishments utilizing the â€Å"open kitchen† concept wherein the smells and visuals presented by the establishment help to increase the rate of hunger resulting in that particular person ordering more than initially intended (Geyskens et al, 2010). It was also shown that static pictorial representations of food often times don’t do as well as compared to moving graphical representations hence the fact a majority of modern day food commercials often show the food being prepared and moving which has been shown to illicit a great er response (Schur et al., 2009). It is assumed that the basis behind this particular response is due to the fact that food that is moving is thought to be more â€Å"real† for the audience. Static representations such as those seen in pictures have a less effective response due to the fact that the perception of the individual viewing the photo interprets it as nothing more than a mere photo (Forzan et al., 2010). Conclusion It can be assumed that when an individual is presented with either a static representation or a moving graphic visualization it can be expected that the latter will draw out a greater hunger response (Van der Laan et al., 2011).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the research supported the hypothesis of a significant interaction which occurred in hunger levels between high- and low- restraint groups in control and test condition the fact remains that upon closer examination of the methods utilized in this particular study compared to others it is revealed that a mere static picture is an insufficient method of drawing out an appropriate response (Piech et al., 2010). This evidenced by the fact that the experiment evidenced no significant difference in high- and low-restrainers’ hunger rating in neutral- and food-cue presentations. As such it is recommended for future studies utilizing the same principals to use food cues that stimulate more than one sense so as to get a more accurate level of distinction between hunger ratings. References Brignell, C, Griffiths, T, Bradley, B, Mogg, K 2009, ‘Attentional and approach biases for pictorial food cues. Influence of external eating’, Appetite, 52, 2, pp. 299-306, Academi c Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Boggiano, M, Dorsey, J, Thomas, J, Murdaugh, D 2009, ‘The Pavlovian power of palatable food: lessons for weight-loss adherence from a new rodent model of cue-induced overeating’, International Journal of Obesity, 33, 6, pp. 693-701, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Cohen, DA 2008, ‘Obesity and the built environment: changes in environmental cues cause energy imbalances’, International Journal of Obesity, 32, pp. S137-S142, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Cornier, M, Salzberg, A, Endly, D, Bessesen, D, Rojas, D, Tregellas, J 2009, ‘The Effects of Overfeeding on the Neuronal Response to Visual Food Cues in Thin and Reduced-Obese Individuals’, PLoS ONE, 4, 7, pp. 1-7, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Forzano, L, Chelonis, J, Casey, C, Forward, M, Stachowiak, J, Wood, J 2010, ‘SELF-CONTROL AND IMPULSIVENESS IN NONDIETING ADULT HUMAN FEMALES: EFFECTS OF VISUAL FOOD CUES AND FOOD DEPRIVATION’ ,  Psychological Record, 60, 4, pp. 587-607, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Galarce, E, McDannald, M, Holland, P 2010, ‘The basolateral amygdala mediates the effects of cues associated with meal interruption on feeding behavior’, Brain  Research, 1350, pp. 112-122, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Geyskens, K, Soetens, B, Roets, A 2010, ‘Exposure Makes the Heart Grow Less Fond!: The Effects of Exposure to Palatable Foods on the Subsequent Attention Processing of Food Cues’, Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 2, pp. 230-238, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Hepworth, R, Mogg, K, Brignell, C, Bradley, B 2010, ‘Negative mood increases selective attention to food cues and subjective appetite’, Appetite, 54, 1, pp. 134-142, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Hou, R, Mogg, K, Bradley, B, Moss-Morris, R, Peveler, R, Roefs, A 2011, ‘External eating, impulsivity and attentional bias to food cues’, Appetite, 56, 2, pp. 424-427, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Hollitt, S, Kemps, E, Tiggemann, M, Smeets, E, Mills, J 2010, ‘Components of attentional bias for food cues among restrained eaters’, Appetite, 54, 2, pp. 309-313, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Loxton, N, Dawe, S, Cahill, A 2011, ‘Does negative mood drive the urge to eat? The contribution of negative mood, exposure to food cues and eating style’, Appetite, 56, 2, pp. 368-374, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Ouwehand, C, Papies, E 2010, ‘Eat it or beat it. The differential effects of food temptations on overweight and normal-weight restrained eaters’, Appetite, 55, 1, pp. 56-60, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Piech, R, Pastorino, M, Zald, D 2010, ‘All I saw was the cake. Hunger effects on attentional capture by visual food cues’, Appetite, 54, 3, pp. 579-582, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Polivy, J, Herman, C, Coelho, J 2008, ‘Caloric restriction in t he presence of attractive food cues: External cues, eating, and weight’, Physiology Behavior, 94, 5, pp. 729-733, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Radnitz, C, Byrne, S, Goldman, R, Sparks, M, Gantshar, M, Tung, K 2009, ‘Food cues in children’s television programs’, Appetite, 52, 1, pp. 230-233, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Schur, E, Kleinhans, N, Goldberg, J, Buchwald, D, Schwartz, M, Maravilla, K 2009, ‘Activation in brain energy regulation and reward centers by food cues varies with choice of visual stimulus’, International Journal of Obesity, 33, 6, pp. 653-661, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Van der Laan, L, de Ridder, D, Viergever, M, Smeets, P 2011, ‘The first taste is always with the eyes: A meta-analysis on the neural correlates of processing visual food cues’, NeuroImage, 55, 1, pp. 296-303, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. This report on Psychological Concept of Humans Eating Behavior was written and submitted by user Brianna Snyder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Heinz Goes On A Diet Case Example

Heinz Goes On A Diet Case Example Heinz Goes On A Diet Case – Case Study Example Heinz Goes on Diet Case The challenges Heinz faced, in meeting the capa needs, come because of the lack of parenting opportunities. He ought to focus on analyzing opportunities and estimating their significance. For example, a parent who is not an expert in manufacturing might not know that a business lacked excellent manufacturing skills. A parent without detailed knowledge of a business market may not be aware of the opportunity to combine sales forces. Therefore, choices must be evaluated in both strategic and economical terms and the strategic choice must be coherent with the overall strategy of the firm. The operational management options that Heinz has to put in place are aligning fresh food chains to the needs of the consumer, and develop a system that is responsive to changing consumer needs (Stevenson, 2012). In his case, both demand and supply are volatile. The perishable nature of products places a number of constraints in dealing with suboptimal demand and supply informa tion. The whole crop of carcasses are to be marketed. Developing creative solutions to the bundle of these three challenges create strategic options and new business opportunities for fresh food retailers and suppliers (Stevenson, 2012).The facility’s location, which addresses issues like the main operation’s location takes a major influence in this scenario. Once such decisions are taken, the organization has to live long with prospects and problems regarding the raw materials, supplies, labor, markets and all other resources (Stevenson, 2012). Additionally, marketing strategy, which includes customer profile products, services, markets volumes, and price structures should be taken into consideration. Choice of the region and the site is also an important factor to consider. This is because it affects transportation cost and long distance considering the nature of goods.ReferenceTop of FormStevenson, W. J. (2012).  Operations management: Theory and practice. New Yor k, N.Y: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Bottom of Form1.

The Definition and Usage of Optimality Theory

The Definition and Usage of Optimality Theory In linguistics, the theory that surface forms of language reflect resolutions of conflicts between competing constraints (i.e., specific restrictions on the form[s] of a structure). Optimality Theory was introduced in the 1990s by linguists Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky (Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar, 1993/2004). Though originally developed from generative phonology, the principles of Optimality Theory have also been applied in studies of syntax, morphology, pragmatics, language change, and other areas. In Doing Optimality Theory (2008), John J. McCarthy points out that some of the most significant work on OT is available for free on the Rutgers Optimality Archive. ROA, which was created by Alan Prince in 1993, is an electronic depository of work in, on, or about OT. Its a fabulous resource for the student as well as the veteran scholar. Observations At the heart of Optimality Theory lies the idea that language, and in fact every grammar, is a system of conflicting forces. These forces are embodied by constraints, each of which makes a requirement about some aspect of grammatical output forms. Constraints are typically conflicting, in the sense that to satisfy one constraint implies the violation of another. Given the fact that no form can satisfy all constraints simultaneously, there must be some mechanism selecting forms that incur lesser constraint violations from others that incur more serious ones. This selectional mechanism involves hierarchical ranking of constraints, such that higher-ranked constraints have priority over lower-ranked ones. While constraints are universal, the rankings are not: differences in ranking are the source of cross-linguistic variation. (Renà © Kager, Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press, 1999) Faithfulness and Markedness Constraints [Optimality Theory] holds that all languages have a set of constraints which produce the basic phonological and grammatical patterns of that particular language. In many cases, an actual utterance violates one or more of these constraints, so a sense of well-formedness applies to that utterance which violates the least number or least important constraints. Constraints can be classified in two types: faithfulness and markedness. The faithfulness principle constrains a word to match the underlying morphological form (such as plural tram -s in trams). But words like buses or dogs do not follow this constraint (the first falls foul of the constraint that prevents the pronunciation of two consecutive /s/ sounds and the second places a /z/ instead of an /s/). These two examples, though, follow markedness constraints, and in these cases the particular markedness scores higher than the faithfulness constraint, so the alternate forms are allowed. Differences between languages, then, are a ma tter of the relative importance given to particular constraints, and a description of these constitutes a description of the language. (R.L. Trask, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., ed. by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) Constraint Interaction and the Domination Hierarchy [W]e assert that the constraints operating in a particular language are highly conflicting and make sharply contrary claims about the well-formedness of most representations. The grammar consists of the constraints together with a general means of resolving their conflicts. We argue further that this conception is an essential prerequisite for a substantive theory of UG. How does a grammar determine which analysis of a given input best satisfies a set of consistent well-formedness conditions? Optimality Theory relies on a conceptually simple but surprisingly rich notion of constraint interaction whereby the satisfaction of one constraint can be designated to take absolute priority over the satisfaction of another. The means that a grammar uses to resolve conflicts is to rank constraints in a strict domination hierarchy. Each constraint has absolute priority over all the constraints lower in the hierarchy. [O]nce the notion of constraint-precedence is brought in from the periphery and foregrounded, it reveals itself to be of remarkably wide generality, the formal engine driving many grammatical interactions. It will follow that much that has been attributed to narrowly specific constructional rules or to highly particularized conditions is actually the responsibility of very general well-formedness constraints. In addition, a diversity of effects, previously understood in terms of the triggering or blocking of rules by constraints (or merely by special conditions), will be seen to emerge from constraint interaction. (Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky, Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Blackwell, 2004) The Richness of the Base Hypothesis Optimality Theory (OT) does not allow for constraints on the inputs of phonological evaluation. Output constraints are the only mechanisms for expressing phonotactic patterns. This idea of OT is referred to as the Richness of the Base hypothesis. For instance, there is no input constraint that forbids the morpheme *bnik as a morpheme of English. The output constraints will penalize such a form, and evaluate this form in such a way that the optimal output form is not faithful to this form, but different, e.g. blik. Since forms such as bnik will never surface in English, it does not make sense to store an underlying form bnik for blik. This is the effect of lexicon optimization. Thus, the phonological output constraints of a language will be reflected by the input forms. (Geert Booij, Morpheme Structure Constraints. The Blackwell Companion to Phonology: General Issues and Subsegmental Phonology, ed. by Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume, Keren Rice. Blackwell, 2011) Optimality-Theoretic Syntax [T]he emergence of OT syntax seems to fit into the general tendency in syntax to blame the ungrammaticality of a sentence on the existence of a better alternative. This view on grammaticality is also found in [Noam] Chomskys Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995), although Chomsky takes optimization to play a much more modest role than OT syntacticians do. Whereas Chomskys only criterion for evaluation is derivational cost, the inventory of violable constraints assumed in OT syntax is richer. As a result, the OT constraints interact and conflict with each other. This interaction is exploited by the assumption that constraints are ranked, and that parametrization can be reduced to differences in ranking between languages. Chomskys economic conditions, on the other hand, have no such direct parametrizing effect. In the Minimalist Program, the locus of the parametrization is the lexicon. (Introduction to Optimality Theory: Phonology, Syntax, and Acquisition, ed. by Joost Dekkers, Frank van d er Leeuw, and Jeroen van de Weijer. Oxford University Press, 2000)

Business Oulining Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Oulining - Research Proposal Example MARKETING PLAN From statistics, it showed that the existing similar businesses in the area are very few and don’t serve the population to maximum. The firm will ensure that it offers maximum products and services to the customers; the main targeted customers include individuals, institutions, contractors and other commercial and industrial customers. Price strategy will be laid down considering the corresponding cost of product, labour and prices charged by other competitors. The business will advertise its goods through posters, trade exhibitions and mass media. This will enable the business to compete effectively with other enterprises. The opportunity is quite promising since the competition is not that high. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT The owner of the business will be overall manager. Having obtained a Masters degree in Business Management hence will have high skills in management field. His duties will be setting business goals, making decisions, recruiting new employees and overall supervision of the business. The owner will employ a number of qualified staff who will assist in carrying out various duties involved in the business. The workers experts from the business related field. Recruitment of a new staff and motivation will be tactfully applied. Promotion of staff will be considered and incentives will be offered depending on qualifications, experience, long-service and hard working. The business will obtain all necessary legal documents e.g. licenses and the supportive services such as insurance, banking services shall be provided OPERATIONAL PLAN The business will operate on a considerable rented hall. It will start operating early January 2015. The premises will be equipped with all important facilities e.g. telephone, toilets, etc. Operational days will be throughout the week from 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. apart from Sundays and Public Holidays where the business shall remain closed. Financial plan The estimated amount of money required to s tart the business is $20,000. The source of the funds will be personal savings of $5000 shillings, a bank loan of $12,000 and donation from friends and well wishers of $2000. The break-even point of the business is estimated to be $ 15000 and the gross profit margin ration is estimated to be 87.97%. the business plans to make contact to 300 business owners per month and convert it to total of 15 sales per month in a minimum of 10,000 loan request from merchants at 5% commission will be estimated income of $7500 per month. I am expecting to pay back the amount monthly in 5 years. I am passionate in helping small business to survive. Item Cost E-mail greeting for sales $50 Desk top $900 Desk and chair purchase $200 Leads to call $700 for 3 months $2100 Paper and office supplies $700 Simple website set up $500 Home line and greeting setup $100 Email and domain setup $20 Hire an attorney for applications and agreements with Merchants $500Â   Create a company name and other company setu ps $800 List of questions for Merchants 400 CRM $5500 Extra Employee pay for 3 months $7200 Total $15,000 Executive Summary Rosie Neek investment Limited is an Independent sales operator (ISO) working in the merchant industry to help build profitable businesses by lending to potential customers. They serve as links to business requiring capital boosts while charging transaction, statements and monthly minimum fees. The business is based in 40 Wall Street, New York. ISOs makes business to

Persuasive text analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive text analysis paper - Essay Example The use of this art has a notable effect on the public to which it is directed in that it can help to shape a group’s opinions on particular matters. One of the most important speeches in American history utilizes persuasion excellently. It is the ‘I have a dream’ speech by Martin Luther King Junior (King, 2002). King delivered this speech on August 23rd 1963, in Washington to a huge crowd of mainly African American people who had come to listen to him. This speech revolves around the injustices that the black community was continually exposed to during this period. He devised this speech as the start of a revolution against racism that was eating into the United States making the African Americans live impoverished lives (Stewart, 2003). It was a call to not only the black community, but also to the white people to embrace justice in order to ensure equality. As much as the blacks had been freed from slavery almost 100 years back, he explains, true equality betwe en the black and the white folk had not yet been achieved. Racism was still very much a part of their lives, and this affected their living standards significantly. His main problem was mainly the inculcation of this mentality of racial superiority to the young children who did not know any better. It is safe to state that this speechis significant   in the eradication of racism in the United States (Price, 2006). King, in his speech effectively uses persuasion as well as other styles of language that make his speech truly unforgettable. An analysis to determine how effective the art of persuasion was and what effect it had on its audience is conducted. As previously explained, the speech focuses on the problem of racism that was affecting the African American community at that time. King uses the analogy as a language style in order to persuade his audience when also relaying his intended message. An analogy is a style that uses two objects that seem not to be related to each oth er in order to bring out a point. This process is used to provoke the imagination of the listeners to which it is addressed. King uses an analogy of a promissory note that the country provided to the blacks as they were freed from slavery. He states, â€Å"America has given the Negro a bad check; a check that has come back marked ‘insufficient funds† (Lucas, 2001). His analogy employs the use of a well-known object, a promissory note that is a business document that assures or promises and individual of payment at a specified time that both involved parties agree on. King compares the United States’ assurance of equality between blacks and the whites after the abolition of slavery as a promissory note. This promissory note is not valid since it has not fulfilled the conditions it was expected to in the first place. This means that the country has not been true to its word as such; it has given the African American community a ‘bad check’. Resultantly , the African Americans have been forced to live in bad conditions since they do not have the same rights as their counterparts, the white people do. Through this analogy, King altered the way most if not all of his public thought of the issue of racism. It was a problem that they were facing, but they had become complacent since not all their attempts to alleviate the discrimination had been successful. However, this speech gave them a new strength to press for

Applying Gis To Coastal Erosion And Hazards Environmental Sciences Essay

Applying Gis To Coastal Erosion And Hazards Environmental Sciences Essay The coast is the area where marine and terrestrial processes meet and interact. Limits of their respective actions are not well known, as processes which are characteristic of each of these environments are interrelated. This particular characteristic makes the coastal zone highly complex and vulnerable to human actions, which in many cases, cause permanent damage to the natural environment. Coastal Erosion has turned out to be one of the most crucial socio-economic and environmental problems facing authorities in charge of coastal hazard management. Irrespective of the major causes of this hazard, which could be human or anthropogenic, it has caused economic losses, social problems and ecological damage. The problem of coastal erosion can extend hundreds of kilometres along the shore line or it might be localized to small areas affecting surrounding communities or the tourism industry. Coastal Erosion has been defined as a natural process by which coastlines adjust to different sea levels, energy levels, sediment supply and existing topography. It poses a problem when it threatens to destroy human life and property. In identifying the problems of erosion, human value judgements come in as erosion does have many societal and natural benefits. Coastal Erosion is usually judged as problematic wherever the rate of erosion, considered in conjunction with economic, recreational, agricultural, demographic, ecological and other relevant factors, indicates that action to remedy erosion hazard may be justified and required. The coast is used for several purposes and based on this fact, it is important to devise ways of attaining compatibility among these various uses while at the same time attempting to preserve the natural environment. Faced with the threat of climate change and possible sea level rises, it is necessary to put in place elaborate coastal management scenarios that will consider all elements for planning and sustainable development. Many recent studies done on Coastal Erosion have approached the problem within an integrated framework. This integrated approach takes into consideration the need for deep knowledge of the physical environment and the relationships between processes of involved elements and acceptable coastal management plans. These physical factors are also conditioned by legal, environmental and social factors (Barragan, 2003). The frequency of occurrence of coastal erosion is expected to rise and has become an issue of great concern to scientists and authorities in charge. Broad scale modelling of coastal morphology has been a major challenge for scientists and authorities alike. Several studies have been carried out in order to address this issue and its determinants (Townsend and Burgess, 2004; Burgess et all, 2002). More detailed analyses of risks and responses in coastal hazard management are affected by little knowledge of the magnitude and location of erosion hazard zones for different shoreline changes and management situations. GIS AND COASTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT The coast is unique because of several marine and terrestrial processes that occur there. As result of this, there is need for integration of data relating to different aspects and factors of the coastal environment in policy development and planning. GIS provides the right platform for data collection, analyses, and storage and information dissemination. It has the ability to display spatial and temporal evolution of processes and factors that control them in order to analyse them better and evaluate their impact on the coastal environment (Hamada, 2004). It also able to identify spatial connections between different data layers leading to the development of models for geomorphologic evolution and coastal change prediction. Several studies using GIS applications and methodologies in coastal hazard management have been carried out in several parts of the world. These studies have lead to the development of GIS applications or models and a few of these include: BALTICSEAWEB (Latinen and Neuvonen, 2001) Oceanic Bigeographic Information Systems (OBIS) (Zhang and Grassel, 2002). Coastal Erosion and Shoreline Development Regulation (Miller et all, 2003). SCAPEGIS (Walkden and Hall, 2005). Dune Hazard Assessment Tool (NOAA Coastal Services Centre, 2003) These applications have been developed for specific coastal areas as each area requires its own peculiar management strategies and therefore its own GIS application for planning and policy development. Recent studies in this area have advocated an integrated approach (ICZM) which promotes sustainable development of coastal areas by blending the use of natural resources in ways that limit damage to the environment. In using this approach GIS is useful as it aids data integration, storage, analyses and visualisation. GIS AS A TOOL FOR COASTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT For the application of GIS to coastal hazard management to be carried out, there is need for data required for the different task to be available and accessible. The data requirements for this include slope, lithology, vegetation, drainage, structural conditions, coastal erosion and human action etc. In the coastal environment GIS is being increasingly used as a tool for collection, integration of required information and storage in a database with a view to accessing data, generating thematic maps and performing spatial and geo statistical analyses (Latinen and Neuvonen, 2001). During the process, relevant information is sourced and collected, compiled into a geo database, converted into relevant units and introduced into the GIS platform. This is useful in the integration and analysis of parameters used in coastal vulnerability assessments resulting in coastal risk maps (Doukakis, 2005). This is advantageous because it provides a flexible system. Data can be accessed and used through the database model system. It also allows data automation, visualisation, editing, mapping, spatial analyses, geo statistical analyses etc. The flexibility and versatility allows GIS to be used in many planning tasks in different situations for example in the area of maps, aerial photographs, statistics, tables and graphs that give details of the environmental conditions and their spatial distributions can be displayed. Fig 1. An example of a cartographic information prepared using GIS for coastal Management. Maps, aerial photos, tables and graphs that show spatial distribution of environmental conditions are displayed for visualisation. (Rodriguez et all, 2009) APPLICATION OF GIS TO COASTAL EROSION ESTIMATION GIS has been useful in studies of prediction and estimation of coastal erosion. The datasets required for this include topographic data, bathymetric data, recession rate data, historical maps and time series data as they describe the vulnerable state of the coastal environment and coastal erosion. Some of the applications of GIS include: GIS allows comparison between cartographic or map information that has been geo-referenced and this is very important for coastal change analyses. GIS allows collection of data showing temporal trends of shoreline positions for different dates. Such data can be derived from sources like satellite imageries, aerial photographs and cartography digitization. GIS allows integration of data from all these sources. GIS allows shoreline positions corresponding to different year to be overlaid with a view to aiding the identification of areas that have experienced movements or changes. GIS aids the calculation of erosion and accretion rates. It does this by calculating line lengths and perimeter of polygons. GIS allows detailed analyses of evolutionary trends. It aids the definition of the system and prediction of likely occurrence allowing change anticipation and hazard preparedness. GIS is advantageous because new data can be integrated and constant and dynamic follow up of coastal processes can be carried out. This allows continued development of models that can be useful in studying other aspects of the coastal environment (Sanchez et all, 2005). GIS has also been used in dune evolution studies and it has been highly useful in the area the data requirements are wind transport data, swell, sediments, wind speed, topography, soil humidity, bathymetry etc are required. These datasets are needed for the determination of dune field evolution and aeolian transport rates. This in turn enables the characterisation of the sedimentology, geomorphology and meteorology of coastal zones. Some other studies have made use of GIS as a tool for analyses and interpretation of coastal erosion model outputs. Making use of GIS to visualise predictions of coastal erosion provides a vital means of understanding coastal changes and their impacts locally and regionally (Brown et all, 2004). The intended target audience here are policymakers and planners interested in visualising erosion predictions and to carry out analyses of their implications so that proper mitigation measures can be set up by integrating other data sets for impact estimation and decision support. This basically involves the use models developed specifically for coastal erosion and one of such has been (SCAPEGIS) which is a process based model that determines the reshaping and retreat of shore profiles along the coast (Walkden and Hall, 2005; Dickson et all, 2005).It was developed from soft cliff and platform erosion model. These models provide the input for SCAPEGIS. It has been used in integrated assessments of coastal erosion and flood risk for strategic planning of responses to flood and erosion hazards. The SCAPE model was run for different climatic and management scenarios and the results were integrated into SCAPEGIS with other auxiliary data for detailed visualisation and impact analyses. The advantage of this GIS platform is that it allows importation of other erosion models developed with similar data output format. Fig. 2. The Impacts Estimation dialog of SCAPEGIS. Source: (Koukalas et all, 2005) Fig 3. An example of an Erosion Risk Map showing recession lines under certain climatic scenarios and management. The land after the yellow line towards the sea is assumed lost while the land between the yellow and blue lines is at risk. (Koukalas et al, 2005) The constant rise in the degradation of coastal environments has led to the need to develop techniques of balancing the protection of people and the economy against the cost of coastal hazards. As a result of this, a multidisciplinary approach to coastal management has been proposed (Nicholls et all, 2007). Coastal environments have become more vulnerable to the effects of climate change and rising sea levels. They also have high social, economic and biological value. In order put all this factors into consideration, the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Framework was proposed with a view to integrating all this factors while at the same time preserving the natural environment. Methodologies for the application of GIS within this framework have been developed by several institutions like UNESCO, European Union and several working groups (Olsen et all, 2003; IPCC, 2007) to mention a few. Within this framework, GIS is useful because of its ability to collect, integrate and analyse the different data requirements within an integrated framework. It has been used for coastal dune system research projects and shoreline evolution studies (Hernandez et all 2007; Ojeda et all, 2005). GIS aids the integration of required data like dune perimeter, shore line position so that spatial analyses of these data layers can be carried out and some of its application in this regard include: GIS aids integration, organisation and structuring of required data sets. GIS aids the development f Digital Elevation Models needed for the estimation of dune volume, volumetric evolution and dune migration. GIS allows for determination of dune morphology, dune slope and orientation. GIS allows for creation of possible dune predictions depending on sea level rise and waves. 3D GIS has proved to be very useful for this task (Sanchez et all, 2005) The advantage offered by SCAPEGIS tools is made evident in the analyses of coastal erosion model results. It has been proposed that these models be linked with other models of environmental studies like land use models for better appreciation of coastal hazard management (Hall et all, 2005). CONCLUSION In coastal erosion and hazard management, modelling spatial and temporal dimensions of dynamics of the coastal environment have proven to be some of the most challenging tasks in marine and costal GIS. The shift from the regular line and polygon data structure to digital shoreline is as a result of the need to develop technology for shoreline change detection and spatial modelling. GIS is being increasingly used in the development of policy and planning in coastal erosion and hazard management. This is due to the fact that in management policy implementation there is need for a tool able to store, analyse and display spatial and temporal data. GIS provides an appropriate platform for this. It provides a suitable instrument for integration of territorial data, makes variable analyses easier, allows for future scene simulations and allows potentially hazardous area to be identified. GIS is also use for evolutionary trend analyses and system characterisation which are important in the management of the coastal environment. However, models used are not always accurate as there are errors and uncertainties and as such these uncertainties should be systematically looked into when the results are being analysed for planning and policy development. There is also the problem data availability and accessibility. Data required may not always be available or accessible. In the developed world, access to such data is more reliable and available. In other parts of the world, required data can be unavailable and where they are, may be inaccurate.

Economic Contribution of Women Essay

1. Introduction This short paper aims to highlight the important role women have and can play in economic development. It addresses three questions: what is the evidence base to support investing in women? What are the current constraints on realising the full potential of women in the process of economic development? What are the priority areas of intervention necessary to unblock these constraints? It is focussed on women and on economic development, rather than on the wider issue of gender and development. However, before looking at the evidence base, constraints, and interventions, it will provide a brief context of the evolution of thinking around women and development.1 1. The Evolution of ‘Women in Development’ to ‘Gender and Development’ In the  1970s, research on African farmers noted that, far from being gender neutral, development was gender blind and could harm women. Out of this realization emerged the Women in Development (WID) approach, which constructed the problem of development as being women’s exclusion from a benign process. Women’s subordination was seen as having its roots in their exclusion from the market sphere and their limited access to, and control, over resources. The key was then to place women ‘in’ development by legislatively trying to limit discrimination and by promoting their involvement in education and employment. The WID approach led to resources being targeted at women and made particularly women’s significant productive or income generating contribution, more visible. Their reproductive 1 This paper has been prepared with inputs from the membership of the SDSN Thematic Group on the â€Å"Challenges of Social Inclusion: Gender, Inequalities and Human Rights†, including: Kwadwo Appiagyei-Atua (University of Ghana, Legon), Jan Egeland (Human Rights Watch), Todd Minerson (White Ribbon Campaign), Richard Morgan (UNICEF), Sanam Naraghi-Anderlin (International Civil Society Action Network), Elisabeth Prà ¼gl (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies), Magdalena Sepà ºlveda Carmona (UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights), and Valmaine Toki (UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues). contribution was less well emphasised. While WID advocated for greater gender equality, it did not tackle the real structural problem: the unequal gender roles and relations that are at the basis of gender subordination and women’s exclusion. This approach also focussed on what have been termed practical gender needs, such as providing better access to water, which would reduce the amount of time women and girls must spend in domestic activities and thus allow them more time for education or employment. There was no questioning why collecting water has been constructed as a female responsibility, or why improved access to water is a need of women and girls only. In the 1980s, the Gender and Development (GAD) approach arose out of the critique of WID. GAD recognised that gender roles and relations are key to improving women’s lives, with the term ‘gender’ suggesting that a focus on both women and men is needed. More recently, the need to understand how gender intersects with other characteristics such as age, ethnicity and sexuality has been noted. The GAD approach recognises that it is not sufficient to add women and girls into existing processes of development but there is also a need to problematise why they are excluded, advocating that the focus should be on addressing the imbalances of power at the basis of that exclusion. GAD also questions the notion of ‘development’ and its benign nature, implying a need to shift from a narrow understanding of development as economic growth, to a more social or human centred development. GAD projects are more holistic and seek to address women’s strategic gender interests by seeking the elimination of institutionalised forms of discrimination for instance around land rights, or ensuring the right of women and girls to live free from violence, for example (Molyneux 1985; Moser 1989). The 1990s witnessed the ‘rise of rights’ as many NGOs and agencies adopted a rights-based approach to development. Rights increase the recognition that women’s demands are 3 legitimate claims. The most notable success for the women’s movement has perhaps been the establishment of sexual and reproductive rights as such. Within this has been recognition of women’s right to live free from violence, and a broadening of understanding of violence against women from ‘domestic’ to ‘gender based’. There was also a shift in understanding development as meaning economic development to a more holistic social development focus, yet economic growth remains the main driver. For the majority of large development organisations and agencies, the WID approach has now largely been replaced by GAD, which has been institutionalised within the notion of gender mainstreaming. Mainstreaming  involves ensuring that a gendered perspective is central to all activities, including planning, implementation and monitoring of all programmes, projects, and legislation. While critiqued if undertaken merely as a ‘tick box’ exercise, gender mainstreaming offers a potential for placing gender at the heart of development. However, women’s ‘rights’, particularly sexual and reproductive health rights, are not universally accepted as rights, and violence against women remains prevalent across the globe, and women still lack full and equal participation in economic and political life. Mainstreaming has yet to succeed and there is a need for a continued prioritisation of integrating women into development. 2. Evidence on the Importance of Women to Economic Development The most influential evidence on the importance of women to economic development has come from research used to support the World Bank’s ‘Gender Mainstreaming Strategy’ launched in 2001 (Dollar and Gatti 1999; Klasen 1999). This research highlighted that societies that discriminate by gender tend to experience less rapid economic growth and poverty reduction than societies that treat males and females more 4 equally, and that social gender disparities produce economically inefficient outcomes (World Bank 2001a). For example, it is shown that if African countries had closed the gender gap in schooling between 1960 and 1992 as quickly as East Asia did, this would have produced close to a doubling of per capita income growth in the region (WBGDG 2003). The primary pathways through which gender systems affect growth are by influencing the productivity of labour and the allocative efficiency of the economy (World Bank 2002). In terms of productivity, for example, if the access of women farmers to productive inputs and human capital were on a par with men’s access, total agricultural output could increase by an estimated 6 to 20 percent (World Bank 2001b). In terms of allocative efficiency, while increases in household income are generally associated with reduced child mortality risks, the marginal impact is almost 20 times as large if the income is in the hands of the mother rather than the father (WBGDG 2003). Identification of women as being a reliable, productive and cheap labour force makes them the preferred workforce for textiles and electronic transnational corporations. Perception of women as ‘good with money,’ including being better at paying back loans, has led them to be targeted in microfinance programmes. Recognition of women as more efficient distributors of goods and services within the household has led to them being targeted with resources aimed at alleviating poverty, such as cash transfer programmes. The above shows how the justification for including women in development in economic growth has been an efficiency argument, with equity concerns being 5  somewhat secondary. Critics suggest this instrumentalist approach to engendering development, while bringing economic growth gains, will not fundamentally change the position and situation of women. It is important to note that while gender equality will help bring economic growth, economic growth will not necessarily bring gender equality. Advancing gender equality requires strengthening different dimensions of women’s autonomy: economic and political autonomy, full citizenship and freedom from all forms of violence, and sexual and reproductive autonomy (Alpà ­zar Durà ¡n 2010). 3. Constraints on Realising the Full Potential of Women in the Process of Economic Development Investment in the human capital, health and education, of women and girls is presented as a key way forward as witnessed by the MDGs. The logic is that ‘educated, healthy women are more able to engage in productive activities, find formal sector employment, earn higher incomes and enjoy greater returns to schooling than are uneducated women†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (WBGDG 2003: 6). Educated women are more likely to invest in the education of their own children, and they are also more likely to have fewer children. Thus investment in human capital has positive short and longer term/inter-generational outcomes and is good for both productivity gains and limiting unsustainable population growth. However, attention has narrowly focussed on ensuring the equal access of girls to primary education. Inequality of access to secondary and higher education persists, as does the limited engagement of girls in the study of science and technology, limiting  the future life and employment options of adolescent girls. Willingness to school, feed, and provide healthcare to girls is far more strongly determined by income and the costs of providing these services than is the case for boys. Sen’s ‘100 million missing women’ is testimony to how girls are discriminated against in terms of the allocation of household resources to the point that it creates a gender imbalance in some societies and countries. Families are often unwilling to invest in the education of girls if this investment is not perceived as bringing them direct economic gains — girls are valued only as wives and mothers, and/or marriage transfers any potential future gains from this investment to another family. As 1 in 7 girls marries before the age of 18 in the developing world (UNFPA 2012), early and forced marriage remains a key issue and an important factor limiting young women’s engagement in both education and economic activities. Justice institutions, from the police to the courts, continue to deny women’s right to justice. Women and girls remain unable to access justice, given that in many countries there are still laws that discriminate against women in relation to the family, property, citizenship and employment. Justice systems also do not meet the needs of specific groups of women, such as indigenous women who are discriminated against and face violence in the public and private spheres based on both gender and race (UNPFII 2013). Cultural factors limit women’s rights and engagement in the workplace. Religion still has a key role to play in determining gender norms in many cultures and fundamentalist views across the spectrum of religions threaten or deny women’s rights, including rights related to sex and sexualities, and to mobility and employment. Economic fundamentalism, policies and practices that privilege profits over people, also deny women their rights as workers and to work. While political culture is important for bringing change, women continue to have a limited voice at the local and national levels, and women  are not able to fully participate in formal systems of power. In the majority of cultures unequal gender and generational relations exist within households with the male ‘head’ having a high level of control. A woman going out to work is often read by others as meaning the man is unable to provide for his family, making men reluctant and thus limiting women’s engagement in paid work through violence or the threat of violence. When women do engage in paid work, it can improve their voice in the home and ability to influence household decision-making. It can also lead to conflict in the home, especially if women earn more than men, or women’s employment coincides with men’s under or unemployment. In the last decades, a ‘crisis in masculinity’ has been recognised, relating to the changes in men’s roles and positions through processes of globalisation, suggesting a need to focus attention on men if these changes are to bring transformative progress towards greater equality, rather than further harm women. Women continue to suffer limited mobility and, in some cultures, women are not able to leave the home if not accompanied by a man, effectively negating any type of paid employment. Even when women are allowed to leave, they may face verbal, sexual and physical abuse from unknown males for being in the street and face gossip and stigma within their own communities. The growing levels and extremes of violence against women have been captured in the notion of femicide – the killing of women by men just for being women, including ‘honour killings.’ In Mexico for example, the term femicide has been used to describe female factory workers being killed for going against gender norms and engaging in paid work outside the home. One in three women across the globe will experience violence at some stage in her lifetime. Violence against women and girls, or the threat of violence, be it physical, sexual or emotional, both in the private and public spheres, at the hands of known and unknown men, 8 remains a key limiting factor to women’s mobility and engagement in  processes of development. Women who work at home have limited opportunities. While women are very engaged in agriculture, this is generally subsistence rather than cash crops. It is estimated that women own only 1% of property and lack of rights to inherit or own land, which severely limits women’s engagement in larger scale cash crop production. Even when women can inherit land, the need for male protection or labour may mean they will give the land to male relatives. Lack of land ownership may also stop them participating in schemes to improve agricultural output, while lack of wider assets disallows them from accessing loans. Given their lower asset base, women farmers may be most affected by climate change, and while having knowledge of how to adapt, they may be least able to adopt appropriate adaptation strategies. World Bank research has highlighted how the poor are less likely to engage in higher riskreturn activities and the result is that the return on their assets is 25-50% lower than for wealthier households (Holzmann and Jà ¸rgensen 2000). While not a gendered analysis, women’s relative poverty, lack of assets, and lack of experience might mean they are particularly risk averse keeping them from higher return economic initiatives. However, women have been shown to use micro-finance effectively to develop small enterprises and are recognised as good at paying back loans. When women are in paid employment, they are more likely to be engaged in part time rather than full time work, in the informal rather than the formal sector, and across the globe women earn less than men for comparable work. 9 During the recent financial crisis, measures to protect ‘the poor’ through employment programmes have not considered the gendered dimensions of crisis, yet women may have been more severely affected than men and in more diverse ways. Economic and financial crises cannot be seen in isolation from food, fuel, water, environment, human rights, and care crises (AWID 2012). Women face particular risks during disaster, which climate change may increase, and during conflict. In particular, the risk of physical and sexual violence increases. Agencies not only fail to protect women and girls, but their  reproductive and particularly their productive needs are often overlooked in crisis response and peacebuilding. While remunerated work is important for women, it is important to remember that women still undertake the bulk of unpaid work in the home, household plot, or family business. They have the primary responsibility for caring for children and older people as well responsibility for undertaking activities such as collection of water or firewood. Women play the key role in the ‘care economy’, which not only provides care to the young, old and the sick, but also is vital for ensuring a productive workforce. As this work is not remunerated, it is undervalued and lies outside general conceptualisations of the economy. Women engaged in paid work often face a double work day, since they may only be ‘allowed’ to work as long as their domestic duties are still fulfilled. This means women are time poor and the time burden may impact on their health and wellbeing. To alleviate this burden and free women to enter paid work, daughters may be taken out of school to cover the domestic work, with related negative impacts on their education and ability to seek remunerated work in the future. Women’s continued inability to control their own fertility means that childbirth limits their ability to engage in productive activities. Even when reproductive health services are 10 provided, this is not enough to ensure women’s ability to access them. Men may see the decision over if and when to have children to be their decision, and large numbers of children may be read as a sign of male fertility and power, which becomes more important when masculinity is threatened. In many cultures, discussion of sexualities remains taboo, denying access and rights to those who do not conform to the heterosexual ‘norm’. The sexual and reproductive rights of adolescent girls in particular may be overlooked and they may be denied access to reproductive health services if they are unmarried. Research establishes a link between education and women’s ability to control their fertility. Studies also show that paid work can promote greater understanding of sexual and reproductive rights among women. Women’s socially constructed altruistic behaviour means that economic resources that enter the household via women are more likely to be spent on household and children’s needs. Female-headed households may not be the ‘poorest of the poor’ as popularly constructed, since women who live with men may suffer ‘secondary poverty’– the household overall is not poor but, as the man withholds income for personal consumption, women and children within the household are poor (Chant 2006). When women earn, men may withhold even more of their income, leaving women and children with access to the same level of resources but improving the position of women through greater control of those resources. This ‘irresponsibility’ of men has meant women have been targeted within poverty reduction and social policy initiatives. While the targeting of women with resources is welcome, the associated â€Å"feminisation of obligation and responsibility† (Chant 2008) for delivering policy outcomes may not only marginalise men but add further to women’s existing triple burden of reproductive, productive, and community management work. It may privilege their reproductive over their productive role and reinforce women as mothers rather than workers. Care needs to be taken to ensure that programmes serve women’s needs and women are not merely placed at the service of these policy agendas (Molyneux 2007). It is important to remember that policies to promote economic development that include women but do not tackle the structural inequalities at the basis of their exclusion may bring growth gains, but will not necessarily bring gender equality gains. 4. Priority Areas of Intervention Necessary to Unblock these Constraints Women’s groups and movements across the globe continue to promote as fundamental the need to respect and defend women’s sexual and reproductive health rights. Women’s groups and movements also continue to be fundamental to promoting these rights, but many find themselves under threat for this focus. Sexual and reproductive rights are critical for social and economic development. Without these rights, women and adolescent girls cannot make decisions around fertility, repeated childbirth keeps them from income generating activities and reduces productivity, and early and forced marriage keeps young women from education and employment. Sexual, emotional and physical violence and the threat of violence limits women’s mobility, confines women to the home, and keeps them from engaging fully in processes of social and economic development. Men and boys can have a role to play in the prevention of genderbased violence and the promotion of gender equality. Threats to women’s rights exist on many levels, including those posed by culture, religion, and tradition, as well as processes of globalisation and economic change. A right gained is not a right maintained unless there is constant monitoring of rights. There is a need to strengthen women’s access to both formal and informal justice systems, and ensure these are responsive to advancing all women’s equal rights, opportunity, and participation. Improving women’s political voice is also crucial here. Women’s responsibility for unpaid domestic work makes them time poor as well as more economically dependent on men, yet is vital for ensuring a healthy and productive workforce. While investment in infrastructure such as water, sanitation and electricity is important to ease the time burden associated with these tasks, it does not change how unpaid work and the care economy is conceptualised and valued. Financial, environmental, and health crises intensify the need for care services with the care burden falling disproportionately on women and girls. Policies to provide affordable, quality child care and adequate healthcare services would not only free women to enter paid employment, but also help change care work from being understood as a ‘domestic’ responsibility to a collective responsibility. This change in how care work is conceptualised and valued should be a longer-term goal. In the short term, there is a need to create full, decent productive employment opportunities for women and access to finance, as well as continue to provide social protection, and more importantly promote and value women as ‘good with money’. Key for economic growth is the promotion of women’s economic rights which entails promoting a range of women’s rights: their sexual and reproductive rights and rights to education, to mobility, to voice, to ownership, and to live free from violence. References Alpà ­zar Durà ¡n, L. 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